Primary sources
Allen, Mark. “Bessemer Steel Process.” 1856. https://www.theengineer.co.uk/inspiration/august-1856-bessemers-steel-process/ Accessed 19 August 2019
This letter was written so that Bessemer could start his process by thinking about how it would change the world.
"The Bessemer process for making steel was used for over a century." Industrial Revolution
Reference Library, edited by James L. Outman, et al., vol. 1: Almanac, UXL, 2003. Gale In
Context: World History,
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/PC3425887036/GPS?u=nm_s_los&sid=GPS&xid=c11315c
8. Accessed 26 Sept. 2019.
This shows how the Bessemer steel process affected the industrial revolution.
Bishop, Philip W. The Beginnings of Cheap Steel. E-book ed., Project Gutenberg, 2009. Accessed 23 october 2019
This book is about the start of a new age, it was a new age in the way that the steel mills were now able to mass produce steel making it easier to build steel railroads, skyscrapers, Ect.
Bridgeton pioneer. (Bridgeton, N.J.), 19 May 1887. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87068192/1887-05-19/ed-1/seq-4/>
This article is about how much money the bessemer steel process made money. This mill alone made $1,000,000 and produced 200 tons of steel a day. This is when America was starting to change into steel.
The Forrest City times. [volume] (Forrest City, Ark.), 28 April 1893. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84022960/1893-04-28/ed-1/seq-5/>
This article was about the mines that were not only finding coal but also zinc. Selling the zinc they made a truck load of money encouraging them to work more.
"HEAVY ENGINEERING: From the archive hot spot." The Engineer, 19 Apr. 2010, p. 27. Gale
OneFile: Business,
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A224289903/GPS?u=nm_s_los&sid=GPS&xid=e9a1a9ef.
Accessed 26 Sept. 2019.
This article is about how Mr. H bessemer saw his operations.
Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, et al. Connellsville Coal & Coke Region, Connellsville, Fayette County, PA. Documentation Compiled After. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. 10/15/2019.
This newspaper article is about how they coal companies started making a lot more money because of the steel mills that were using the bessemer steel process. This impacted America because it’s now many jobs that opened but the jobs were very unsafe and many people died.
Knoedler, Janet T. "Market structure, industrial research, and consumers of innovation: forging backward linkages to research in the turn-of-the-century U.S. steel industry." Business History Review, vol. 67, no. 1, 1993, p. 98+. Gale OneFile: Business,
How the steel process changed from country to country from China to England to America. Each country they changed to steel got better and faster to make.
“Lunch on a skyscraper.” 1932. http://100photos.time.com/photos/lunch-atop-a-skyscraper#photograph. unknown . 10/09/2019.
This picture shows how people were affected by steel.
MacFarlane, Eric email interview. Conducted by Wilson White accessed 10-28-2019.
I interviewed a structural engineer, and I got a lot of information about how steel changed that way we build things. We changed from the way that we changed how to build not only buildings but appliances too.
"OnLine: Eurekas." Guardian [London, England], 12 Oct. 1995, p. 12. Gale OneFile;. Business,
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A170511433/GPS?u=nm_s_los&sid=GPS&xid=8531605d.
Accessed 26 Sept. 2019.
How that steel was originally made by the chinese than the german took their idea and made it better by letting the steel sit and carbonate for years.
Pickergill, Dave. 1900’s steel furnace. N.d. photograph Bessemer Converter at Kelham Island Industrial Museum – Sheffield, England.Dr Alan P Newman. 12/09/2019
This is a picture that is very important because it shows how steel can be mass produced in a furnace. Before this it was much harder to make steel
Picture on how the german made steel https://www.industrialinnovations.com/industries.asp
This picture shows how the Germans make steel, their process they used is called blister steel because of all of the blisters from forging that is on it.
Railroads during 1860 before the Bessemer steel process, N.D. photograph http://railroads.unl.edu/documents/view_document.php?id=rail.str.0243 unknown, 10/17/2019
This picture shows that there were not too many railroads that connected places in america. This made it hard for Americans to get from place to place. This was important because people could not move around as much.
Railroads during 1870 after the bessemer steel process,
N.D. photograph https://www.lhf.org/railroads-1870-source-emory-r-johnson-american-railway-transportationnew-york-d-appleton-and-company-1909/ unknown, 10/17/2019
This picture shows that people could move around a lot more because of the railroad system expanding because of the bessemer steel process. This lets the people of america move around america more for cheaper prices than before.
The Redwood gazette. [volume] (Redwood Falls, Minn.), 03 Sept. 1874. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025570/1874-09-03/ed-1/seq-3/>
This article was about how that steel was ranked number one in the america producer. This article shows how much steel grew so quickly in america. It started out as a flame then it turned into a wildfire.
Steel factory with railroads, 1968. photograph https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.pa2223.photos library of congress 10/24/2019
This picture shows that steel mills were starting to get built all over America and railroads were running through the steel mills to deliver steel across america. This also helped more steel be delivered across america.
Unknown, 1855. Photograph, https://archhistdaily.wordpress.com/tag/bessemer-process/
Accessed, 1-12-2020
This picture shows two things it shows the working conditions and the bessemer steel process’s furnace.
Unknown.https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A15155114/GPS?u=nm_s_los&sid=GPS&xid=e1e2be0d.
Accessed 26 Sept. 2019.=
This story is about how the people worked in the steel mills. It is also about the people that worked there.
It’s also about the quantity of the workers working there.
This picture shows that people could move around a lot more because of the railroad system expanding because of the bessemer steel process. This lets the people of america move around america more for cheaper prices than before.
Unknown, N.D, photograph,https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_a/illustr/chinese_modern_steel_1.jpg
This photograph shows how the Chinese made their very first steel ever made in the world. Even though it was the first steel it was not very good because it was very brittle and not used because of that.
Secondary sources
Alex proud, skyscrapers above 10 stories high, 2/15/2016 8:16Am. photograph
unknown,10/16/2019
This picture shows that the bessemer steel process impacted skyscrapers above 10 stories high. To this day it has helped architecture around the world. This is important because more people can live in one area.
Condit,Carl blueprints of skyscrapers, N.D--. Photograph https://books.google.com/books?id=5S6_919wx6wC&lpg=PA84&dq=The%20utilitarian%20advantages%20of%20steel%20framing&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q=The%20utilitarian%20advantages%20of%20steel%20framing&f=false accessed 11-14-2019
These blueprints have to do with the very first skyscrapers put up in Chicago. It shows how buildings were able to change not only how tall but also how they look.
Forging the West. 2016. Video. HaveyPro Cinema. https://www.historicpueblo.org/library/forging-the-west, Accessed 22 September 2019u
This film is mostly about the deadly working conditions that they were sent out to work for these mills. Though most of them died the ones that lived rebelled against the factors. Most yet got killed for being on strike.
Unknown,N.D. photographhttp://www1.assumption.edu/ahc/Daily%20Life/WEB%20PAGES/BUILDINGS.html
Accessed 11-15-2019
This photograph shows how old buildings were built before the bessemer steel process. This helps us in modern buildings because it shows us how to build a basic house design.
Unknown, over a stream bridge. N.d. photograph
This picture shows that new bridges were able to hold not just more but they could build a lot more bridges. The picture also shows that it was starting to make travel easier and the landscapes changing.
Accessed 2-01-2020
This picture shows the Bessemer steel process’ s furnace and all of its parts, and how they all work together. This is important because it has all of the working parts of the bessemer steel furnace.
